Under construction ...
Main Page: Titles of European hereditary rulers
Last updated: Jan 21,
2025
Scotland
Overview.
In the Early Middle Ages, on the territory of the
modern Scotland there were states of peoples of various origins: the Picts, who
inhabited the land from the prehistoric time; the Scots, who came from Ireland,
and the Brythons \ Britons.
In the 9th century, the Kingdoms of the Scots and
the Picts united.
By the second half of the 11th century, the
territorial composition of the Kingdom of Scotland (also known as Alba) had
finalized with the acquisition of the Brythonic Kingdom of
Strathclyde.
In 1603, King James VI of Scots, became King of
England, thus Scotland entered into a personal union with England.
After the execution of King Charles I of England
and Scotland in London in January 1649, the Scottish Covenants supported his
son, Charles II, who was crowned King of Scotland. Charles fled Scotland for
France after his defeat at the battle of Worcester in September 1651. The
English Parliamentarian army occupied Scotland, its legislative institutions
were abolished, and the country was annexed to the Commonwealth of
England.
In 1660, the monarchy was restored in England and
Scotland, and Charles II returned from exile.
In 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist
following passage of the Acts of Union, which merged Scotland with England
thereby creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Bibliography.
1. Rymer, Thomas; Holmes, George.
Foedera, conventiones, litterae, et cujuscumque generic acta publica inter reges
Angliae et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices, principes, vel
communitates. 1101-1654 (London : Tonson, 1727-1729; 2nd ed., 17
vols).
2. Lawrie, Archibald Campbell. Early
Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153 (Glasgow : MacLehose,
1905):
3. State Tracts (London : Richard Baldwin, 1692;
reprinted by Scholarly Resources, 1973).
4. The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland /
Registrum magni sigilli regum Scotorum. (Edinburgh : H.M. General Register
House, 1883-1914).
5. Foedera, conventiones, litterae et
conjuscunque generis acta publica (London : Record Commission, 1816-1869; New
edition by ed. Adam Clarke, Frederick Holbrook and John Caley. 4 vols in 7
parts, 1069-1383).
6. Macphail, James Robert Nicolson. The
Highland papers (Edinburgh : University Press, 1916).
7. Fraser, William, Sir. The Lennox
(Edinburgh : Constable, 1874).
8. Diplomatarium Norvegicum: Oldbreve til
Kundskab om Norges indre og ydre Forhold, Sprog, Slægter, Sæder,
Lovgivning og Rettergang i Middelalderen (Christiania : 1847-1919; Oslo :
1976-).
9. Dickinson, William Croft; Donaldson,
Gordon, Milne, Isabel A. A source book of Scottish history (London;
New York : Nelson, 1958).
10. Vans Agnew, Robert. Correspondence of
Sir Patrick Waus of Barnbarroch, Knight (Edinburgh : 1882).
11. Fraser, William. The Melvilles Earls
of Melville and the Leslies Earls of Leven (Edinburgh : 1890).
12. Marwick, (Sir) James David; Hunter,
Thomas. Extracts from the Records of the Convention of the Royal Burghs of
Scotland (Edinburgh : 1870-1918).
13. Keith, Robert; Lawson, John P.;
Lyon, C. J. History of the affairs of church and state in Scotland, from
the beginning of the Reformation to the year 1568 (Edinburgh : 1844-1850; 3
vols.).
14. Michaud, Joseph-François;
Poujoulat, Jean-Joseph-François. Nouvelle collection des
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, depuis le XIIIe
siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe (Paris : 1836-).
15. Labanoff, Alexandre (Prince). Lettres,
instructions et memoires de Marie Stuart, reine d'Ecosse (Londres : Dolman; 7
vols.).
16. Charters of the Abbey of Crosraguel
(Edinburgh : 1886; 2 vols.);
17. Hay Fleming, David. Mary Queen of
Scots from Her Birth till Her Flight into England (2nd edit.; London :
1898).
18. Stewart, Charles Poyntz. Historic
memorials of the Stewarts of Forthergill, Perthshire, and their male descendants
(Edinburgh; London : Johnston, 1879)
19. Cobbett, William; Jardine,
David; Howell, Thomas Jones; Howell, Thomas Bayly. A complete
collection of state trials and proceedings for high treason and other crimes and
misdemeanors (London : 1816-1828)
20. Nicoll, John. A diary of public
transactions and other occurrences, chiefly in Scotland, from January, 1650, to
June, 1667 (Edinburgh : 1836).
21. Wodrow, Robert; Burns, Robert.
The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to
the Revolution (Glasgow : Blackie, 1832).
22. Gregory, Donald; Forbes Skene,
William Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis consisting of Original Papers and
Documents Relating to the History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, ed.
The Iona Club (Edinburgh : Stevenson, 1847).
23. Littlejohn, David. Records of the
Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire (Aberdeen : 1904-).
24. The Miscellany of the Spalding Club
(Aberdeen).
25. Almack, Edward. The History of the
Second Dragoons "Royal Scots Greys" (London : 1908).
26. Miscellany of the Maitland Club (Edinburgh :
1834-).
27. Clifford, Arthur; Scott,
Walter. The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler (Edinburgh :
1809).
28. Burton, John Hill; Masson,
David; Brown, Peter Hume; Hannay, Robert Kerr; Paton,
Henry. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland (Edinburgh : H. M.
General Register House, 1877-).
29. Hay, Richard Augustine. Genealogie of
the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn (Edinburgh : Stevenson, 1835).
30. Anderson, Archibald; Innes,
Cosmo; Thomson, Thomas. The acts of the Parliaments of Scotland
([Edinburgh] : 1814-).
31. Marwick, James David. Charters and
Other Documents Relating to the City of Glasgow, A. D. 1175-1649
(Edinburgh).
Geographical names.
England -> Anglia;
Angleterre.
Ireland -> Hibernia;
Éire.
Scotland -> Scotia; Escoce.
Scots -> Scottorum.
Chistian (First) names.
Charles -> Carolus.
Duncan -> Donnchadh.
James -> Jacobus.
John -> Johannes.
Kenneth -> Cináed.
Malcolm -> Maol Chaluim.
William -> Guillelmus / Willelmus;
Uilleam.
--- the 11th century-1558
King of the Scots;
@ Samples:
(June 1137) [2: p.89; Doc.#
CXVI]
< David I (+1153), King of Scotland 1124
>
David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum
(Nov 1225) [31: part II (1894); p.11; Doc.#
VII]
< Alexander II (+1249), King of Scotland
1214 >
Alexander Dei gracia Rex
Scottorum
(Dec 1253) [7: volume 2. Doc.# 12]
< Alexander III (+1249), King of Scotland
1286 >
Alexander Dei gracia rex
Scottorum
(1292) [5: volume 1; p.781]
< John Baliol (+ca.1314), King of Scotland
[1292-1296] >
Johan, par la grace de Deu, Rey de
Escoce
(Mar 1323) [5: volume 2; p.511]
< Robert I Bruce (+1329), King of Scotland
1306 >
Robert, par la grace Dieu, Roi
d’Escoce
(Oct 1357) [1: volume 6; p.52]
< David II (+1371), King of Scotland 1329
>
David Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scotorum
(Nov 1375) [4: volume 1; p.243; Doc.# 663]
< Robert II (+1390), King of Scotland 1371
>
Robertus Dei gracia rex
Scottorum
(Aug 1404) [1: volume 8; p.369]
< Robert III (+1406), King of Scotland 1390
>
Robertus, Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scottorum
(Apr 1425) [1: volume 10; p.343]
< James I (+1437), King of Scotland
1406/1424 >
Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scottorum
(May 1449) [1: volume 11; p.229]
< James II (+1460), King of Scotland 1437
>
Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scotorum
(Apr 1485) [1: volume 12; p.266]
< James III (+1488), King of Scotland 1460
>
Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scotorum
(June 1509) [31: part II (1894); p.100; Doc.#
XLIII]
< James IV (+1513), King of Scotland 1488
>
James be the grace of God King of
Scottis
(Aug 1524) [1: volume 14; p.20]
< James V (+1542), King of Scotland 1513
>
Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex
Scotorum
(June 1546) [24: volume II (1842); p.199; Doc.#
XXII]
< Mary I (+1587), Queen of Scotland
[1542-1567]; ~ (1) 1558 Francis II (+Dec 1560), Dolphin of Vienne; King of
France July 1559; ~ (2) 1565 Henry Stuart (+ Feb 1567), Lord Danley; ~ (3) 1567
James Hepburn (+1578), Earl of Bothwell >
Marie be the grace of God Quene of Scottis
(Apr 1558) [30: volume II (1814);
p.518]
Maria dei gratia Scotorum Regina
@ Samples [Regents]:
(1406) [4: volume 1; p.355; Doc.# 876]
< Robert (+1420), 1st Duke of Albany; son
of Robert II, King of Scotland; ~ (1) Mary-Margaret Graham (+1380), Countess of
Menteith >
Robertus dux Albanie
comes de Fyfe et de Mentethe ac
gubernator regni Scocie
(Aug 1423) [1: volume 10; p.288]
< Murdoch Stuart (+1425), 2nd Duke of
Albany, etc. >
Murdacus, Dux Albaniæ
Comes de Fife & de Menteth
ac
Regni Scotiæ Gubernator
(May 1515) [1: volume 13; p.510]
< John (+1536), Duke of Albany; ~1505 Anne
of La Tour d'Auvergne (+1525), Countess of Auvergne 1501, of Lauraguais
>
Jehan, Duc d'Albanye,
Conte de la Marche, de Mar & de
Guereach,
Seigneur de Anerdel & de l'Isle de
Man,
Regent & Protecteur du Royaume d'Escosse
(Oct 1556) [10: part I; p.9]
< Mary (+1560), Regent of Scotland
[1542-1559/1560]; daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise; ~ 1538 King James V of
Scotland >
We Marie, quene dowreir, and regent of
Scotland
@ Samples [Auxiliary]:
(June 1482) [1: volume 12;
p.156]
< Alexander (+ 1485), Duke of Albany; ~ (1)
before 1475 (div 1477) Catherine Sinclair, Duchess of Albany; ~ (2) 1479 Anne of
La Tour d'Auvergne >
I Allexander, King of Scotlande
--- 1558-1559
King of the Scots;
Dolphin of Viennois;
@ Added:
- [1558] Viennois
Queen Mary I married Francis, Dolphin of Viennois
(1558).
@ Samples:
(Apr 1558) [30: volume II (1814);
p.519]
< Mary I (+1587), Queen of Scotland
[1542-1567]; ~ (1) 1558 Francis II (+Dec 1560), Dolphin of Vienne; King of
France July 1559; ~ (2) 1565 Henry Stuart (+ Feb 1567), Lord Danley; ~ (3) 1567
James Hepburn (+1578), Earl of Bothwell >
Franciscus et Maria, Dei gratia Rex et Regina
Scotorum ac
Delphinus et Delphina Viennen.
(June 1558) [17: p.493]
Marie, be the grace of God Quene of Scottis and
Dolphines of Viennois
(Jan 1559, n.s.) [23: volume I (1904); p.168;
Doc.# IV]
Frances and Marie be the Grace of God King and
Queen of Scottis
Daulphin and Daulphines of
Viennoys
(July 1559) [24: volume II (1842); p.328; Doc.#
XXXIV]
Franciscus et Maria, Dei gratia Rex et Regina
Scotorum
Delphinus et Delphina Viennensis
etc.
+
regnorum nostrorum annis primo et decimo septimo
--- 1559-1560
King of France, the Scots;
@ Replaced:
- [1559] Viennois with
France
Francis, the first husband of Queen Mary I,
succeeded in France (July 1559).
@ Samples:
(Aug 1559) [27: volume I; p.407;Doc.#
XVI]
< Mary I (+1587), Queen of Scotland
[1542-1567]; ~ (1) 1558 Francis II (+Dec 1560), Dolphin of Vienne; King of
France July 1559; ~ (2) 1565 Henry Stuart (+ Feb 1567), Lord Danley; ~ (3) 1567
James Hepburn (+1578), Earl of Bothwell >
Franciscus et Maria Dei gratia rex et regina
Francorum ac Scotorum &c.
(Mar 1560, n.s.) [10: part I; p.15] [15: tome I;
p.69] [26: volume I (1834); p.262; Doc.# 3]
Franciscus et Maria dei gratia Francorum et
Scotorum Rex et Regina
--- 1560-1603
King of the Scots;
@ Samples:
(July 1563) [31: part II (1894); p.129; Doc.#
LVIII]
< Mary I (+1587), Queen of Scotland
[1542-1567]; ~ (1) 1558 Francis II (+Dec 1560), Dolphin of Vienne; King of
France July 1559; ~ (2) 1565 Henry Stuart (+ Feb 1567), Lord Danley; ~ (3) 1567
James Hepburn (+1578), Earl of Bothwell >
Marie be the grace of God Quene of
Scottis
(Sep 1565) [13: volume III;
p.250]
Henrie and Marie, be the grace of God King and
Quene of Scotis
(Apr 1571) [31: part II (1894); p.146; Doc.#
LXII]
< James (+1625), King of Scotland (James
VI) 1567, of England (James I) 1603 >
James be the grace of God, King of
Scottis
(Nov 1600) [31: part II (1894); p.252; Doc.#
LXXXVII]
Jacobus Dei gratia Rex Scotorum
--- 1603-1651
King of Scotland, England, France, Ireland;
@ Replaced:
- [1603] the Scots with Scotland
England, France, Ireland
King James VI of Scotland succeeded Queen
Elizabeth I in England (1603).
@ Samples:
(Feb 1604) [18: p.112]
< James (+1625), King of Scotland (James
VI) 1567, of England (James I) 1603 >
James be the grace of god King off Scotland
England France and Ireland
defender off the faith
(Oct 1633) [22: p.184; Doc.# XV]
< Charles I (+1649), King of Scotland &
England 1625 >
Carolus, Dei gratia Scotiae, Angliae, Franciae et
Hiberniae Rex,
Fideique Defensor &c.
(Nov 1638) [28: series II; volume VII (1906);
p.91]
Charles, be the grace of God, King of Scotland,
England, France and Ireland,
Defender of the Faith
(May 1642) [11: volume III; p.168; Doc.#
125]
Carolus Dei gratia Scotiae, Angliae, Franciae et
Hiberniae rex,
fideique defensor
--- 1651-1660 ( Interregnum )
--- 1660-1707
King of Scotland, England, France, Ireland;
@ Samples:
(Aug 1660) [20: p.297]
< Charles II (+1685), King of Scotland
[1649-1651; 1660-], of England 1660 >
Charles, by the grace of God, King of Scotland,
England, France, and Ireland,
Defender of the Faith
(Feb 1687) [21: volume IV; p.417] [19: volume X;
p.736]
< James VII (+1701), King of Scotland &
England (James II) [1685–1688] >
James VII by the grace of God, king of Scotland,
England, France, and Ireland,
Defender of the Faith, &c.
(May 1692) [25: p.20]
< William II (+1701), King of Scotland
(William II), of England (William III) 1689; Prince of Orange; ~ 1677 Mary II
(+1694), Queen of Scotland & England 1689 >
William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and
Queen of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland,
Defenders of the Faith, &c.,
&c.
(Mar 1703) [19: volume XIV;
p.994]
< Anne (+1714), Queen of Scotland &
England 1702, of Great Britain 1707 >
Anne by the grace of God, queen of Scotland,
England, France, and Ireland,
defender of the faith, &c.